When Julius Caesar was about sixteen, a civil war began between two mighty Roman rivals: Lucius Cornelius Sulla, and Caesar's uncle-by-marriage, Gaius Marius, who was allied with another leader named Lucius Cornelius Cinna. These soldiers considered themselves employees of the army (rather than citizens who occasionally had to fight): their loyalty was to their general, perhaps even more than to Rome itself. The lack of small land owners forced the army to accept soldiers from the poorer classes, who then had to be paid more so that they could afford weapons. In the first century B.C., overseas conquests meant a great number of foreign captives so small, family-run farms now competed with larger operations based on slave labour. For clarity, we will call it the small-e empire. However, though it was still the era of the Roman Republic, Rome did have an empire because of the large amount of foreign territory it had acquired. The Roman Empire did not formally exist until Octavius Caesar (later Caesar Augustus) became Emperor in 27 B.C. (An orator was a public speaker, usually someone who used those skills in political or legal matters.) Over his long career, he held almost every high civic, military, and even religious position that existed. Julius Caesar was a Roman statesman and general in the first century B.C., the last years of the Republic. Please be conscientious in your desire to share AO, and link instead of copying.
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